FACTS FACTS FACTS FACTS AT A GLANCE March 2005 Publication # 2005-02 TEEN BIRTH RATE. Preliminary data for 2003 from the National Center for Health Statistics show the teen birth rate continues to decline, reaching historic lows for teens in each age group. The 2003 rate of 41.7 births per 1,000 females 15-19 was 33% lower than the 1991 peak rate of 61.8. The 2003 birth rate for teens aged 15-17 (22.4) was 42% lower than the 1991 rate, and the rate of 70.8 for 18-19-year-olds represents a 25% decline from 1991. Yet, based on age-specific birth rates, an estimated 17% of current 15-year-old girls will give birth before they reach age 20. Teen Birth Rate (Births per 1,000 Females Aged 15-19, 15-17, and 18-19) Ages: 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1986 1990 1991 1995 2000 2002 2003 15-19 54.1 81.6 89.1 68.3 53.0 50.2 59.9 61.8 56.0 47.7 43.0 41.7 15-17 ----43.9 38.8 32.5 30.5 37.5 38.6 35.5 26.9 23.2 22.4 18-19 ----166.7 114.7 82.1 79.6 88.6 94.0 87.7 78.1 72.8 70.8 NUMBER OF BIRTHS TO TEENS. Preliminary data from the National Center for Health Statistics show that in 2003, there were 421,626 births to teens in the United States. This number represents a decline of about 21% since the most recent peak, in 1990. Declines in the number of births to teens occurred in each age group between 2002 and 2003. The number of teen births has not been declining as quickly as teen birth rates because of increases in the population of teen females. Number of Births to Females Under Age 20 Ages: 1960 1970 1980 1986 1990 1991 1995 2000 2002 2003 Under 15 6,780 11,752 10,169 10,176 11,657 12,014 12,242 8,519 7,315 6,665 15-17 182,408 223,590 198,222 168,572 183,327 188,226 192,508 157,209 138,731 134,617 18-19 404,558 421,118 353,939 293,333 338,499 331,351 307,365 311,781 286,762 280,344 Under 20 593,746 656,460 562,330 472,081 533,591 531,591 512,115 477,509 432,808 421,626 TRENDS IN SEXUAL EXPERIENCE. Newly released data from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) indicate that the Sexual Experience Among Never-Marriedgender gap in teen sexual experience has disappeared. In the past, Teens Aged 15-19, 1995 & 2002 males were more likely to be sexually experienced than females. In 1995, among never-married teens aged 15-19, 49% of females and 55% of males were sexually experienced. In 2002, this proportion declined to 46% for both females and males. This pattern varies by subgroup. Among non-Hispanic whites aged 15-19, females were slightly more likely to have had sex (41% of males and 45% of females). Among Hispanics, 55% of males and 37% of females had had sex, and among non-Hispanic blacks, 63% of males and 57% of females had had sex. Hispanic females aged 15-19 showed the largest decline in sexual experience of any group, dropping from 53% in 1995 to 37% in 2002. CONTRACEPTIVE USE AT FIRST SEX. Teens’ CONTRACEPTIVE USE AT MOST RECENT SEX. use of contraceptives during their first sexual experi-Most never-married teens report using contraception ence has increased substantially. According to the the most recent time they had sex, and 20% of teen NSFG, between 1988 and 2002, the proportion of never-females and 24% of teen males report using multiple married teens who used any method of contraception at methods. NSFG data indicate that the proportion of sex- first sex increased from 67% to 75% for females and ually active females aged 15-19 who used any method at from 71% to 82% for males. most recent sex increased from 71% to 83% between 1995 and 2002, and the proportion of sexually active Contraceptive Use at First Sex Among teen males who used any method at most recent sex Teens Aged 15-19, 1988, 1995, & 2002 increased from 82% to 91%. The proportion of teens who used a condom and a hormonal method increased from 8% to 20% for females and from 17% to 24% for males. Sponsored by: The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation Reported Contraceptive Use at Most Recent Sex Among Sexually Active Teens Aged 15-19, 2002 Females Males Hormonal Method 43% 37% Condom 54% 71% Hormonal Method and Condom 20% 24% No Method 17% 9% *Note: Hormonal methods include birth control pills, injectables (i.e. Depo-Provera), implants, emergencycontraception, and the contraceptive patch. BIRTH RATES BY MARITAL STATUS. Preliminary data for 2003 from the National Center for Health Statistics show that 82% of teen births occurred outside of marriage, while 35% of births to women of all ages were nonmarital. Both the marital and nonmarital birth rates for teens continue to decline. The teen nonmarital birth rate declined by 24% from its peak in 1994 to 35 births per 1,000 unmarried females in 2002, while the nonmarital birth rate for females 20-24 and 15-44 has remained stable since 1994. The teen marital birth rate declined 32% between 1990 and 2002. According to data from the Fragile Families study (a nationally representative sample of births outside of marriage in large U.S. cities between 1998 and 2000), almost one-half of teen mothers who were unmarried at the time of their child’s birth reported "good" to "certain" chances that they would marry their child’s biological father. However, within one year of their child’s birth, fewer than 8% of unmarried teen mothers had married the baby’s father. Marital and Nonmarital Birth Rates (Births per 1,000 Females) Marital Status and Age: 1960 1970 1980 1990 1991 1994 1995 2000 2002 Marital, ages 15-19 531 444 350 420 410 346 357 288 284 Nonmarital, ages 15-19 15 22 28 43 45 46 44 39 35 Nonmarital, ages 20-24 40 38 41 61 65 71 69 72 71 Nonmarital, ages 15-44 22 26 29 44 45 46 44 44 44 BIRTH RATES BY RACE/ETHNICITY. Preliminary data for U.S. Teen Birth Rate by 2003 from the National Center for Health Statistics show that Race/Ethnicity, 1990-2003 birth rates for teens of all racial/ethnic groups are at an all-time low, marking a decade of steady decline in the teen birth rate. Hispanic teens have the highest birth rates and have experienced the smallest decline in rates since the most recent peak, in 1991. Between 1991 and 2003, the birth rate for Hispanic teens declined by 22%, while the birth rate for non-Hispanic black teens declined by 45% and the birth rate for non-Hispanic white teens declined by 35%. In 2003, the teen birth rates for non- Hispanic white teens and non-Hispanic black teens were 27.5 and 64.8, respectively, and the teen birth rate for Hispanics was 82.2. PROGRAMS THAT DELAY EARLY SEX AND PREGNANCY. Evaluation studies indicate intensive interventions that focus on early childhood learning, youth development, and community volunteering may complement more traditional sexuality education programs. Two intensive early childhood programs that offered high-quality child care or preschool – the Carolina Abecedarian Project and the High/Scope Perry Preschool Project – were found to delay childbearing and out-of-wedlock births years later. Other programs that combined community volunteer service with classroom activities – Reach for Health and the Teen Outreach Program – also showed reductions among participating adolescents in their initiation of sexual intercourse and sexual activity (Reach for Health only), and, among females, pregnancy (both programs). An intensive 3-year youth development program with a sex education component resulted in more effective contraceptive use and lower pregnancy and birth rates among females (the Children’s Aid Society-Carrera Program). Age at Which Teens Agree or Strongly TEENS’ ATTITUDES ABOUT SEX. Teens are much less likely to Agree It Is All Right to Have Sex approve of sex among 16-year-olds than among 18-year-olds. According to the 2002 NSFG, close to two-thirds of teens (65% of males and 61% of females) aged 15-19 agreed or strongly agreed that it is all right for unmarried 18-year-olds to have sex if they have strong affection for each other, while only about one-third of teens (36% of males and 31% of females) agreed or strongly agreed that it is all right for unmarried 16year-olds to have sex. Reasons teens who have never had sex give for abstaining differ somewhat by gender. These reasons include: to avoid getting (someone) pregnant or getting a sexually transmitted infection (STI) (males 35%, females 26%); it is against their religion or morals (males 31%, females 38%); and they haven't found the right person yet (males 21%, females 17%). SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS (STIs) REPORTED TO CDC. Adolescents and young adults are more likely than older adults to acquire STIs, and they have higher rates of chlamydia and gonorrhea than any other age group. Reasons for their increased risk include a greater likelihood of multiple sexual partners, greater susceptibility to infection among young teen girls due to physical immaturity, and obstacles to receiving adequate prevention services, such as lack of insurance, need for transportation, and worries about confidentiality. In 2002, non-Hispanic black teens had the highest rates of chlamydia (5,032) and gonorrhea (2,485) per 100,000 teens aged 15-19. Rates for Hispanic teens (chlamydia: 1,579; gonorrhea: 215) were lower than rates for non-Hispanic black teens, while non- Hispanic white teens had the lowest rates (chlamydia: 713; gonorrhea: 115). Between 1998 and 2002, rates of chlamydia for teens of all racial/ethnic groups increased by about 17% (perhaps due to wider screening and more sensitive tests for chlamydia), and the rates of gonorrhea for teens decreased by about 13%. 2 TABLE 1: NUMBER OF BIRTHS TO MOTHERS UNDER AGE 20 BY AGE AND RACE/ETHNICITY, PERCENT OF TEEN BIRTHS TO UNMARRIED MOTHERS, PERCENT OF BIRTHS TO MOTHERS 15-19 THAT ARE REPEAT BIRTHS (SECOND OR HIGHER ORDER BIRTHS), AND PERCENT OF ALL BIRTHS IN STATE TO MOTHERS UNDER AGE 20, 2002 Number of Births Number of Births to Of All Births to % of Teen Of All Births for to Mothers Aged: Mothers Under Age 20*: Mothers Under Births that State, % to Total Non-Hispanic Age 20, % are Repeat Mothers Under STATE Under 15 15-17 18-19 Under 20 White Black Hispanic Nonmarital Births Age 20 ALABAMA 170 2,904 5,523 8,597 4,356 3,764 431 73% 23% 15% ALASKA 16 318 750 1,084 351 34 127 78% 18% 11% ARIZONA 209 3,979 7,384 11,572 3,094 418 6,897 82% 23% 13% ARKANSAS 107 1,788 3,893 5,788 3,537 1,721 427 74% 23% 16% CALIFORNIA 743 16,667 33,555 50,965 8,763 4,282 35,174 76% 20% 10% COLORADO 107 2,440 4,798 7,345 2,853 445 3,885 73% 22% 11% CONNECTICUT 49 986 1,915 2,950 977 694 1,212 89% 17% 7% DELAWARE 26 384 825 1,235 484 534 204 90% 22% 11% DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 21 348 589 958 22 785 118 95% 24% 13% FLORIDA 420 7,436 15,745 23,601 9,340 8,202 5,800 84% 21% 12% GEORGIA 330 5,551 10,707 16,588 6,615 7,334 2,383 80% 23% 12% HAWAII 17 414 1,124 1,555 111 36 356 83% 20% 9% IDAHO 16 582 1,498 2,096 1,472 11 481 65% 19% 10% ILLINOIS 317 6,084 12,133 18,534 6,098 6,706 5,587 86% 21% 10% INDIANA 130 2,939 6,655 9,724 6,910 1,856 864 85% 20% 11% IOWA 29 1,008 2,384 3,421 2,662 262 390 86% 17% 9% KANSAS 56 1,275 3,046 4,377 2,812 557 864 80% 19% 11% KENTUCKY 111 2,068 4,831 7,010 5,853 903 210 73% 20% 13% LOUISIANA 247 3,247 6,809 10,303 4,038 5,956 150 87% 22% 16% MAINE 9 315 824 1,148 1,073 16 24 88% 15% 9% MARYLAND 146 2,245 4,302 6,693 2,297 3,602 662 90% 20% 9% MASSACHUSETTS 73 1,498 3,145 4,716 2,195 709 1,562 91% 17% 6% MICHIGAN 217 3,853 8,408 12,478 7,066 3,994 1,057 88% 20% 10% MINNESOTA 68 1,571 3,508 5,147 2,857 753 746 87% 18% 8% MISSISSIPPI 193 2,384 4,577 7,154 2,766 4,170 126 83% 24% 17% MISSOURI 126 2,661 6,174 8,961 5,996 2,336 510 83% 21% 12% MONTANA 9 366 900 1,275 846 4 67 80% 18% 12% NEBRASKA 24 701 1,693 2,418 1,377 328 542 83% 19% 10% NEVADA 47 1,186 2,477 3,710 1,297 483 1,690 77% 22% 11% NEW HAMPSHIRE 1 222 659 882 734 15 52 87% 13% 6% NEW JERSEY 146 2,478 4,874 7,498 1,682 2,662 3,033 89% 19% 7% NEW MEXICO 89 1,640 2,873 4,602 846 70 3,046 84% 22% 17% NEW YORK 289 5,875 12,519 18,683 5,953 5,657 6,578 85% 17% 7% NORTH CAROLINA 300 4,591 9,165 14,056 6,298 5,084 2,167 79% 21% 12% NORTH DAKOTA 5 163 490 658 420 17 30 88% 17% 9% OHIO 264 4,818 10,880 15,962 10,522 4,514 769 88% 20% 11% OKLAHOMA 112 2,235 5,123 7,470 4,491 947 937 74% 22% 15% OREGON 51 1,308 3,103 4,462 2,859 147 1,218 78% 21% 10% PENNSYLVANIA 235 4,282 8,679 13,196 7,175 3,919 1,733 90% 20% 9% RHODE ISLAND 19 390 807 1,216 465 145 404 91% 21% 9% SOUTH CAROLINA 147 2,384 4,943 7,474 3,308 3,592 491 83% 21% 14% SOUTH DAKOTA 10 305 833 1,148 668 16 56 86% 19% 11% TENNESSEE 183 3,232 7,068 10,483 6,424 3,296 683 77% 22% 14% TEXAS 1,008 18,726 33,416 53,150 13,130 7,721 31,659 70% 25% 14% UTAH 33 998 2,576 3,607 2,351 39 995 65% 20% 7% VERMONT 1 136 397 534 507 11 8 89% 15% 8% VIRGINIA 169 2,749 6,281 9,199 4,350 3,733 961 81% 19% 9% WASHINGTON 79 2,155 4,880 7,114 4,055 408 1,895 78% 18% 9% WEST VIRGINIA 24 736 1,894 2,654 2,508 124 13 71% 18% 13% WISCONSIN 108 1,899 4,537 6,544 3,512 1,603 934 84% 20% 10% WYOMING 9 211 593 813 628 11 113 72% 16% 12% U.S. TOTAL in 1991 12,014 188,226 331,351 531,591 249,352 154,682 107,135 69% 25% 13% U.S. TOTAL in 2002 7,315 138,731 286,762 432,808 181,004 104,626 130,321 80% 21% 11% U.S. TOTAL in 2003 6,665 134,617 280,344 421,626 174,129 100,176 130,821 82% 20% 10% * Race/ethnicity totals add to less than state totals due to births to other racial/ethnic groups. Source/Notes: Birth data are taken from 2002 Natality Data Set CD Series 21, No. 16, National Center for Health Statistics. U.S. totals for 2003 are from Hamilton, Martin, & Sutton, 2004. Births: Preliminary Data for 2003, National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol.53(9) . 3 TABLE 2: BIRTH RATES FOR FEMALES 15-19 IN 1970, 1980, 1985, 1990, 1991, 1995, 2000, 2001, & 2002, AND FEMALES 15-17 AND 18-19 IN 2002, PERCENT OF TEEN BIRTHS TO MOTHERS WHO USED TOBACCO DURING PREGNANCY, PERCENT OF TEEN BIRTHS THAT ARE LOW BIRTHWEIGHT, PERCENT OF BIRTHS TO MOTHERS AGED 18 AND YOUNGER TO FATHERS AT LEAST FOUR YEARS OLDER, PERCENT OF PREGNANCIES AMONG TEENS THAT ENDED IN ABORTION, AND STATE POLICIES REGARDING SERVICES AND INSURANCE COVERAGE OF CONTRACEPTIVES Services and % of Teen Of All Of All Births to Mothers % of Insurance Coverage of Contraceptives*** STATE 1970 1980 1985 1990 1991 1995 2000 2001 Birth Rates (Births per 1,000) to Females Aged 15-19 2002 Birth Rates 2002 Ages 15-17 Ages 18-19 Mothers who Used Tobacco During Pregnancy Births to Teens, % Low Birth- weight* Aged 18 and Younger, % to Fathers 4+ Years Older than Mother** Pregnancies Among Teens that Ended in Abortion, 2000 All Minors May Consent to Contraceptive Services State Requires Insurers to Cover Contraceptives ALABAMA 89 68 64 71 74 69 61 57 55 32 89 15% 12% 38% 17% ? YES ALASKA 87 64 56 65 66 55 49 41 40 19 74 26% 6% 33% 19% YES ARIZONA 77 66 67 76 80 74 68 64 61 35 103 7% 8% 37% 20% YES ARKANSAS 91 75 73 80 80 72 66 62 60 32 102 22% 10% 39% 13% YES CALIFORNIA 65 53 53 71 74 67 47 44 41 23 69 ––– 7% 41% 37% YES YES COLORADO 64 50 48 55 58 52 51 47 47 26 79 13% 11% 41% 23% YES £ CONNECTICUT 43 31 31 39 40 39 31 28 26 14 45 13% 10% 35% 43% YES DELAWARE 72 51 51 55 60 55 48 47 46 25 78 18% 11% 34% 34% ? YES FLORIDA 85 59 58 69 68 60 51 48 45 23 78 11% 10% 42% 34% ? GEORGIA 98 72 68 76 76 70 63 60 56 31 93 11% 11% 41% 19% YES YES HAWAII 60 51 48 61 59 49 46 42 38 18 66 12% 11% 34% 37% ? YES IDAHO 65 60 47 51 54 49 43 41 39 18 69 19% 7% 34% 16% YES ILLINOIS 66 56 51 63 65 58 48 46 42 23 71 14% 10% 37% 31% ? YES INDIANA 73 58 52 59 60 57 49 47 45 23 79 28% 10% 35% 17% ? IOWA 52 43 35 41 43 38 34 34 33 16 55 29% 9% 35% 22% YES YES KANSAS 61 57 52 56 55 52 46 44 43 21 74 19% 9% 36% 18% ? KENTUCKY 86 72 63 68 69 62 55 52 51 27 85 35% 10% 41% 11% YES £ LOUISIANA 85 76 72 74 76 70 62 59 58 32 96 11% 13% 35% 13% MAINE 65 47 42 43 44 34 29 27 25 12 45 34% 7% 39% 29% ? YES MARYLAND 68 43 46 53 54 47 41 38 35 20 60 14% 11% 38% 41% YES YES MASSACHUSETTS 38 28 29 35 38 33 26 25 23 13 40 16% 10% 37% 43% YES YES MICHIGAN 66 45 43 59 59 49 40 38 35 18 61 24% 10% 35% 32% . MINNESOTA 42 35 31 36 37 33 30 28 28 14 47 22% 9% 36% 25% YES . MISSISSIPPI 102 84 76 81 85 79 70 67 65 38 103 13% 13% 35% 16% ? MISSOURI 71 58 54 63 64 55 49 46 44 22 77 27% 10% 33% 19% YES MONTANA 58 49 44 48 47 42 37 36 36 18 63 34% 8% 36% 24% YES . NEBRASKA 52 45 40 42 42 38 38 37 37 18 64 20% 9% 37% 21% ? NEVADA 90 59 55 73 75 73 63 56 54 28 97 10% 8% 44% 32% ? YES NEW HAMPSHIRE 55 34 32 33 33 30 23 21 20 8 39 35% 8% 34% 37% ? YES NEW JERSEY 48 35 34 41 41 38 32 29 27 15 46 13% 11% 41% 53% ? . £ NEW MEXICO 77 72 73 78 80 74 66 63 62 38 100 11% 8% 35% 21% YES YES NEW YORK 49 35 36 44 46 42 33 32 30 16 50 15% 10% 43% 51% YES YES NORTH CAROLINA 86 58 57 68 70 63 59 55 52 29 89 18% 11% 43% 23% YES YES NORTH DAKOTA 43 42 36 35 36 33 27 27 27 12 49 36% 9% 30% 19% . OHIO 63 53 50 58 61 53 46 43 40 20 69 27% 10% 32% 23% . OKLAHOMA 81 75 69 67 72 64 60 58 58 30 98 23% 9% 37% 15% ? . OREGON 56 51 43 55 55 50 43 40 37 18 65 22% 7% 41% 32% YES PENNSYLVANIA 52 41 40 45 47 41 34 33 32 17 54 24% 11% 35% 29% ? RHODE ISLAND 45 33 36 44 45 40 34 36 36 20 59 20% 9% 40% 35% YES SOUTH CAROLINA 89 65 63 71 73 63 58 57 53 29 87 15% 12% 37% 19% ? SOUTH DAKOTA 50 53 46 47 48 41 38 38 38 17 68 30% 8% 33% 14% TENNESSEE 87 64 61 72 75 67 60 57 54 28 94 22% 11% 36% 18% YES TEXAS 84 74 72 75 78 76 69 66 64 38 104 7% 9% 36% 17% ¥ UTAH 54 65 50 49 48 41 38 38 37 18 62 16% 8% 37% 11% VERMONT 53 40 36 34 39 28 23 24 24 10 44 48% 6% 35% 32% YES VIRGINIA 72 48 46 53 53 48 41 40 38 19 66 13% 11% 36% 29% YES ¥ WASHINGTON 58 47 45 53 54 48 39 36 33 17 58 22% 7% 42% 34% YES YES WEST VIRGINIA 72 68 54 57 58 53 47 46 46 22 81 37% 10% 43% 15% . WISCONSIN 44 40 39 43 44 38 35 34 32 16 57 25% 9% 50% 22% YES WYOMING 69 79 59 56 54 48 42 39 40 18 72 32% 12% 32% 32% YES . U.S. TOTAL 66 53 51 60 62 56 48 45 43 23 73 17% 10% 38% 29% *Low birthweight is defined as weight of less than 2,500 grams (5 lb 8oz). **The age of father was not reported for 37% of U.S. teen births 18 and younger, and the percentage unreported varies greatly by state. For example, in Wisconsin, age of father was not reported for 88% of teen births 18 and younger compared with 16% in Pennsylvania. Therefore, state-to-state comparisons should not be made. State differences in reporting are due to differences in the enforcement of paternity acknowledgement in each state. *** YES in the contraceptive services column identifies states where all minors can consent. “?” identifies states that permit minors to consent to contraceptive services in one of the following circumstances: A physician determines that the minor would face negative health consequences without contraceptive services; married minors; minors who are parents; minors who haveever been pregnant; minors who are high school graduates; minors who have reached a minimum age; minors who demonstrate maturity; or minors who have a referral from a professional (i.e., physician or clergy). YES in the contraceptive coverage column identifies states that require all providers of health insurance that cover prescription drugs also to cover contraceptive methods and services. “¥” identifies states that offer coverage but do not require employers to purchase this coverage. “O” identifies states that require certified HMOs to cover family planning services. “£” identifies states that require insurers with prescription drug coverage to offer contraceptive coverage. Sources/Notes: Birth rates for 1970, 1980, and 1990-2002 are published by the National Center for Health Statistics, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. References for specific reports cited are available upon request. The 1985 birth rates were calculated by Child Trends. Denominators use the latest revised data from the U.S. Bureau of the Census, Population Estimates Branch. These revisions affect birth rates in some states. Population denominators for less populated states are small and therefore some instability in rates can occur. Information on tobacco use, birthweight, and age of father: 2002 Natality Data Set CD Series 21, No. 16, National Center for Health Statistics. Information on abortion rates: Alan Guttmacher Institute. (2004). U.S. Teenage pregnancy statistics: Overall trends, trends by race and ethnicity, and state-by-state information. New York, NY: Alan Guttmacher Institute. Information on contraceptive access and insurance coverage: The Alan Guttmacher Institute, State Policies in Brief as of August 1 and 17, 2004, Minors' Access to Contraceptive Servicesand Insurance Coverage of Contraceptives, available: http://www.guttmacher.org/statecenter/spibs/spib_MACS.pdf and http://www.guttmacher.org/statecenter/spibs/spib_ICC.pdf. 4 TABLE 3. NUMBER OF BIRTHS TO TEENAGE MOTHERS IN LARGE CITIES BY AGE AND RACE/ETHNICITY, NUMBER AND PERCENT OF BIRTHS TO UNMARRIED MOTHERS UNDER AGE 20, PERCENT OF BIRTHS TO MOTHERS 15-19 THAT ARE REPEAT BIRTHS (SECOND OR HIGHER ORDER BIRTHS), AND PERCENT OF ALL BIRTHS IN CITY TO MOTHERS UNDER AGE 20, 1991 & 2002 CITY Under 15 15-17 18-19 Total Under 20 Number of Births to Mothers Aged: Number of Births to Mothers Under Age 20: Non-Hispanic White Black Hispanic Number of Births to Unmarried Mothers Under Age 20 Of All Births to Mothers Under Age 20,% Nonmarital Of All Teen Births for City, % that are Repeat Births Of All Births For City, % to Mothers Under Age 20 1991 2002 Akron, OH 11 132 280 423 178 231 6 393 93% 25% 21% 14% Albuquerque, NM 27 420 735 1,182 196 27 875 1,021 86% 21% 11% 14% Alexandria, VA 4 44 62 110 18 42 48 84 76% 17% 8% 4% Amarillo, TX 13 184 330 527 219 57 242 389 74% 22% 19% 18% Anaheim, CA 7 199 403 609 76 10 505 440 72% 22% 12% 9% Anchorage, AK 5 107 314 426 105 21 73 325 76% 17% 10% 10% Arlington, TX 15 227 441 683 191 134 315 534 78% 20% 10% 11% Arlington, VA 3 31 70 104 21 21 56 84 81% 14% 7% 4% Atlanta, GA 36 451 727 1,214 26 915 250 1,073 88% 26% 21% 14% Aurora, CO 9 215 447 671 181 124 343 471 70% 22% 11% 12% Austin, TX 26 490 881 1,397 156 179 1,047 996 71% 26% 15% 11% Bakersfield, CA 21 380 726 1,127 320 123 671 918 82% 24% 17% 15% Baltimore, MD 66 756 1,098 1,920 223 1,642 41 1,856 97% 27% 21% 20% Baton Rouge, LA 22 219 473 714 119 577 9 656 92% 29% 15% 15% Birmingham, AL 12 226 432 670 69 563 36 600 90% 24% 21% 17% Boise, ID -54 203 257 198 3 32 181 70% 17% 11% 8% Boston, MA 12 241 423 676 88 323 238 638 94% 14% 11% 8% Bridgeport, CT 5 137 226 368 28 133 200 337 92% 19% 18% 16% Buffalo, NY 14 246 406 666 181 394 76 568 85% 20% 17% 16% Charlotte, NC 28 315 575 918 159 507 214 797 87% 25% 14% 9% Chattanooga, TN 13 139 249 401 128 237 34 358 89% 29% 23% 17% Chesapeake, VA 8 75 197 280 111 156 7 243 87% 23% 13% 10% Chicago, IL 160 2,569 4,171 6,900 336 3,847 2,674 6,181 90% 24% 19% 14% Chula Vista, CA 1 80 215 296 25 20 240 205 69% 14% NA 8% Cincinnati, OH 28 328 598 954 228 711 10 921 97% 28% 21% 17% Cleveland, OH 39 506 854 1,399 299 970 118 1,326 95% 26% 20% 18% Colorado Springs, CO 3 229 553 785 381 92 284 540 69% 23% 12% 12% Columbus, OH 25 402 865 1,292 600 561 96 1,156 90% 22% 21% 12% Columbus, GA 11 150 287 448 107 312 26 400 89% 25% 16% 17% Corpus Christi, TX 14 252 495 761 113 27 615 621 82% 30% 18% 17% Dallas, TX 83 1,371 2,337 3,791 249 1,246 2,251 2,455 65% 28% 18% 15% Dayton, OH 19 159 279 457 172 273 9 427 93% 21% 22% 18% Denver, CO 44 592 906 1,542 182 171 1,160 1,153 75% 22% 16% 14% Des Moines, IA 5 128 292 425 235 82 90 362 85% 22% 14% 12% Detroit, MI 88 904 1,463 2,455 152 2,092 180 2,310 94% 24% 24% 17% Durham, NC 8 134 232 374 43 209 118 333 89% 26% 14% 10% El Paso, TX 26 803 1,281 2,110 85 34 1,974 1,479 70% 21% 16% 16% Escondido, CA 2 104 198 304 40 4 233 229 75% 21% NA 11% Eugene, OR -40 92 132 99 4 21 105 80% 23% NA 8% Flint, MI 13 154 289 456 142 306 6 434 95% 28% 22% 18% Fort Laudedale, FL 13 153 272 438 47 323 67 401 92% 24% 15% 14% Fort Wayne, IN 6 137 332 475 247 162 61 432 91% 24% 16% 11% Fort Worth, TX 43 620 1,095 1,758 320 478 931 1,404 80% 26% 17% 15% Fremont, CA 1 24 74 99 35 8 42 76 77% 16% 6% 3% Fresno, CA 28 551 896 1,475 190 144 945 1,143 78% 25% 17% 16% Fullerton, CA 4 46 102 152 22 8 118 109 72% 24% NA 8% Garden Grove, CA 5 62 164 231 41 -167 173 75% 18% 11% 8% Garland, TX 13 187 279 479 100 90 281 331 69% 20% 12% 13% Glendale, AZ 16 180 400 596 208 33 333 469 79% 24% NA 13% Glendale, CA -18 42 60 11 3 44 40 67% 12% 7% 3% Grand Rapids, MI 9 180 309 498 162 184 147 438 88% 25% 16% 14% Greensboro, NC 8 117 236 361 92 202 57 315 87% 20% 14% 11% Hampton, VA 8 76 154 238 68 155 12 202 85% 13% 13% 13% Hayward, CA 2 87 159 248 24 30 167 182 73% 20% NA 8% Hialeah, FL 1 99 172 272 43 7 222 171 63% 9% 10% 10% Hollywood, FL 2 71 110 183 50 80 49 169 92% 16% 13% 9% Honolulu, HI 4 87 218 309 24 10 58 248 80% 18% 7% 7% Houston, TX 139 2,178 3,729 6,046 487 1,524 3,966 4,490 74% 26% 16% 13% Huntington Beach, CA -29 65 94 33 -60 59 63% 21% 6% 4% Huntsville, AL 6 90 144 240 98 126 14 206 86% 26% 15% 12% Indianapolis, IN 40 612 1,215 1,867 856 770 228 1,708 92% 21% 16% 13% Irvine, CA -7 14 21 8 2 7 14 67% 5% NA 1% Irving, TX 10 153 332 495 109 49 323 297 60% 24% 12% 12% Jackson, MS 18 184 349 551 39 509 2 526 96% 31% 19% 19% Jacksonville, FL 22 458 1,015 1,495 575 814 79 1,299 87% 22% 16% 13% Jersey City, NJ 9 127 224 360 21 178 145 334 93% 17% 15% 10% Kansas City, MO 23 327 659 1,009 285 541 163 918 91% 24% 21% 14% Kansas City, KS 8 171 301 480 155 194 121 428 89% 23% 17% 18% Knoxville, TN 8 147 234 389 267 104 15 304 78% 24% 17% 14% Lakewood, CO 1 64 126 191 92 5 87 161 84% 20% 8% 10% Laredo, TX 18 385 564 967 4 1 960 466 48% 25% NA 17% Las Vegas, NV 20 512 1,183 1,715 479 330 788 1,335 78% 23% 14% 11% Lexington-Fayette, KY 7 92 201 300 167 100 31 254 85% 16% 14% 8% Lincoln, NE 1 89 223 313 219 34 40 265 85% 21% 9% 9% Little Rock, AR 13 112 234 359 66 266 21 328 91% 26% 19% 12% Long Beach, CA 12 285 561 858 52 150 568 694 81% 21% 13% 11% Los Angeles, CA 127 2,362 4,147 6,636 205 749 5,541 5,301 80% 21% 13% 11% Louisville, KY 12 289 603 904 441 421 29 834 92% 22% 20% 13% Lubbock, TX 14 216 376 606 143 100 359 445 73% 30% 19% 18% Madison, WI 6 82 162 250 78 76 63 203 81% 20% 7% 8% Memphis, TN 71 692 1,176 1,939 180 1,617 129 1,819 94% 29% 21% 18% Mesa, AZ 8 262 614 884 343 27 456 702 79% 21% 12% 11% Mesquite, TX 4 72 175 251 113 37 93 183 73% 18% NA 12% Miami, FL 36 546 1,037 1,619 120 971 524 1,414 87% 20% 15% 13% Milwaukee, WI 63 723 1,240 2,026 247 1,253 429 1,867 92% 27% 21% 19% 5 continued on page 6 TABLE 3. NUMBER OF BIRTHS TO TEENAGE MOTHERS IN LARGE CITIES BY AGE AND RACE/ETHNICITY, NUMBER AND PERCENT OF BIRTHS TO UNMARRIED MOTHERS UNDER AGE 20, PERCENT OF BIRTHS TO MOTHERS 15-19 THAT ARE REPEAT BIRTHS (SECOND OR HIGHER ORDER BIRTHS), AND PERCENT OF ALL BIRTHS IN CITY TO MOTHERS UNDER AGE 20, 1991 & 2002 CITY Under 15 15-17 18-19 Total Under 20 Number of Births to Mothers Aged: Number of Births to Mothers Under Age 20: Non-Hispanic White Black Hispanic Number of Births to Unmarried Mothers Under Age 20 Of All Births to Mothers Under Age 20,% Nonmarital Of All Teen Births for City, % that are Repeat Births Of All Births For City, % to Mothers Under Age 20 1991 2002 Minneapolis, MN 21 261 449 731 93 324 182 646 88% 21% 14% 12% Mobile, AL 12 184 302 498 115 372 7 429 86% 24% 19% 17% Modesto, CA 6 198 373 577 172 26 342 421 73% 20% 15% 13% Montgomery, AL 17 170 292 479 91 376 10 437 91% 24% 19% 15% Moreno Valley, CA -93 216 309 58 79 164 263 85% 22% NA 12% Nashville-Davidson, TN 19 303 680 1,002 365 458 160 847 85% 24% 16% 12% New Orleans, LA 49 478 772 1,299 42 1,230 15 1,266 97% 23% 20% 18% New York, NY 145 3,018 6,043 9,206 674 3,421 4,823 8,160 89% 16% 23% 8% Newark, NJ 24 234 423 681 22 424 235 646 95% 21% 14% 15% Newport News, VA 8 98 302 408 137 243 22 319 78% 22% 10% 13% Norfolk, VA 8 176 441 625 180 405 29 498 80% 22% 17% 15% Oakland, CA 19 209 437 665 25 248 361 512 77% 18% 15% 10% Oceanside, CA 6 82 270 358 96 18 223 195 54% 15% NA 10% Oklahoma City, OK 23 394 860 1,277 509 322 347 1,014 79% 27% 19% 15% Omaha, NE 11 265 524 800 299 271 207 689 86% 22% 13% 12% Ontario, CA 5 152 273 430 45 17 365 329 77% 21% NA 13% Orange, CA 2 42 114 158 23 1 132 124 78% 16% NA 7% Orlando, FL 17 286 593 896 204 465 222 791 88% 24% 16% 12% Overland Park, KS -29 64 93 58 9 25 77 83% 17% NA 4% Oxnard, CA 11 192 347 550 26 9 475 351 64% 17% 15% 14% Pasadena, CA 6 53 110 169 9 26 134 125 74% 16% 11% 8% Pasadena, TX 9 162 308 479 100 8 369 316 66% 27% 17% 17% Paterson, NJ 8 152 253 413 20 146 242 387 94% 18% 19% 14% Philadelphia, PA 86 1,375 2,111 3,572 493 2,287 631 3,419 96% 24% 18% 17% Phoenix, AZ 81 1,423 2,424 3,928 639 203 2,912 3,304 84% 25% 16% 16% Pittsburgh, PA 13 188 293 494 136 313 11 475 96% 22% 16% 13% Plano, TX 4 50 104 158 67 19 68 103 65% 20% NA 4% Pomona, CA 11 160 269 440 18 19 392 339 77% 18% NA 14% Portland, OR 13 188 471 672 322 105 198 560 83% 22% 12% 8% Providence, RI 9 159 297 465 67 74 250 419 90% 26% 16% 15% Raleigh, NC 9 115 259 383 64 193 124 322 84% 21% 11% 7% Rancho Cucamonga, CA 1 23 45 69 18 4 44 54 78% 15% NA 6% Reno, NV 6 137 258 401 161 14 195 305 76% 21% 13% 12% Richmond, VA 17 198 291 506 49 428 25 489 97% 24% 17% 16% Riverside, CA 3 230 460 693 147 43 494 536 77% 20% 13% 11% Rochester, NY 16 243 391 650 108 389 146 603 93% 24% 17% 18% Rockford, IL 6 125 253 384 173 144 62 343 89% 23% 17% 13% Sacramento, CA 25 446 844 1,315 311 277 496 1,020 78% 20% 14% 12% St. Louis, MO 32 333 584 949 116 801 22 905 95% 27% 23% 18% St. Paul, MN 15 248 378 641 102 172 115 549 86% 27% 13% 13% St. Petersburg, FL 7 139 258 404 167 206 20 368 91% 24% 18% 13% Salem, OR 2 105 274 381 200 4 157 285 75% 25% NA 14% Salinas, CA 9 166 282 457 20 6 425 345 75% 17% NA 13% Salt Lake City, UT 8 158 345 511 198 11 256 369 72% 23% 12% 8% San Antonio, TX 66 1,380 2,241 3,687 418 228 3,010 2,792 76% 27% 17% 16% San Bernardino, CA 18 241 504 763 77 156 508 642 84% 27% 17% 16% San Diego, CA 30 513 1,008 1,551 183 178 1,058 1,162 75% 19% 11% 8% San Francisco, CA 7 122 249 378 30 101 191 310 82% 12% 8% 5% San Jose, CA 15 333 730 1,078 90 27 871 833 77% 16% 11% 7% Santa Ana, CA 16 334 633 983 25 6 924 730 74% 20% 14% 12% Santa Clarita, CA -1 7 8 1 1 6 7 88% 25% NA 3% Santa Rosa, CA 4 84 168 256 92 3 151 194 76% 13% NA 9% Savannah, GA 6 134 276 416 68 336 10 376 90% 26% NA 16% Scottsdale, AZ 2 45 97 144 48 6 56 123 85% 18% NA 5% Seattle, WA 2 110 203 315 67 86 91 266 84% 15% 8% 4% Shreveport, LA 25 195 344 564 115 443 4 512 91% 23% 21% 18% Sioux Falls, SD 3 41 133 177 115 9 22 155 88% 19% NA 8% Spokane, WA 3 85 251 339 271 15 20 271 80% 18% NA 11% Springfield, MA 16 166 257 439 72 100 262 409 93% 26% 8% 19% Springfield, MO 2 84 195 281 240 18 18 215 77% 22% 21% 14% Sterling Heights, MI -12 30 42 33 3 4 29 69% 13% NA 3% Stockton, CA 12 298 560 870 112 110 489 706 81% 23% 17% 15% Sunnyvale, CA -27 54 81 13 3 48 58 72% 14% NA 4% Syracuse, NY 10 165 224 399 143 206 39 360 90% 26% 19% 18% Tacoma, WA 7 140 349 496 248 80 80 397 80% 14% 13% 13% Tallahassee, FL 2 66 158 226 71 145 10 203 90% 20% NA 10% Tampa, FL 29 360 672 1,061 267 469 314 942 89% 24% 18% 13% Tempe, AZ 2 64 144 210 65 11 112 177 84% 20% 10% 10% Toledo, OH 16 238 483 737 307 342 84 688 93% 22% 19% 16% Torrance, CA 2 22 63 87 15 8 60 66 76% 19% 8% 4% Tucson, AZ 27 555 1,050 1,632 380 71 1,066 1,390 85% 22% 16% 14% Tulsa, OK 16 320 573 909 424 243 167 744 82% 22% 16% 14% Virginia Beach, VA 2 136 395 533 259 217 38 401 75% 15% 9% 9% Waco, TX 10 210 304 524 139 162 217 366 70% 28% NA 22% Warren, MI 2 33 94 129 91 15 6 105 81% 18% 9% 8% Washington, DC 21 348 589 958 22 785 118 905 95% 24% 17% 13% Wichita, KS 19 242 566 827 437 173 189 693 84% 20% 14% 13% Winston-Salem, NC 10 157 260 427 100 190 131 366 86% 21% 18% 13% Worcester, MA 3 78 148 229 97 25 99 198 86% 23% 14% 9% Yonkers, NY 7 71 158 236 29 62 142 199 84% 17% 9% 8% Source/Notes: 2002 data are from 2002 Natality Data Set CD Series 21, No. 16, National Center for Health Statistics. 1991 data are from the National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Statistics of the United States, 1991, Vol 1, Natality. Washington: Public Health Service, 1995. Sponsored by: The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, Menlo Park, California Compiled by: Kerry Franzetta, B.A., Erum Ikramullah, B.A./B.S., Jennifer Manlove, Ph.D. , Kristin Anderson Moore, Ph.D., and Elizabeth Terry-Humen, M.P. P 6 © 2005 Child Trends ISBN 0-932359-24-8